Show how and explain why Priestley creates dramatic tension in the Birling house even before the inspector arrives Essay Example

Show how and explain why Priestley creates dramatic tension in the Birling house even before the inspector arrives Essay In the first act, Priestley introduces the characters to the audience in the play and their lifestyles. Using language, props and costume, Priestley shows the characters are wealthy. For example at the beginning of the play, Birling says, You ought to like this port, Gerald. . The upper class of the time (1912) generally drank port after dinner. The Birlings are gathered after dinner to celebrate the engagement between Sheila Birling and Gerald Croft. Birling is a rich businessman who is only interested in making money- Its my duty to keep labor costs down. Money is his first priority. Priestley wants Birling to sound ignorant, stupid, foolish nai ve and unsympathetic. Birling makes assumptions of what will happen in the future, for example, he says the Titanic will never sink, and he says that the English will never go to war because the Germans dont really want it. Since the play is set in spring 1912 none of the events have actually taken place yet, but the audience is living in the 1940s so they know Birling is wrong. This is called dramatic irony. His wife, Sybil is much of a sexist, traditionalist type lady. Sheila Birling is a young woman who is very pleased with life at the beginning of the book. We will write a custom essay sample on Show how and explain why Priestley creates dramatic tension in the Birling house even before the inspector arrives specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Show how and explain why Priestley creates dramatic tension in the Birling house even before the inspector arrives specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Show how and explain why Priestley creates dramatic tension in the Birling house even before the inspector arrives specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Her brother Eric is quite mysterious and comes across as very strange. On the surface, the mood in the Birlings house is jovial. Everyone seems quite happy with his or her lives but sometimes language they use shows there is tension. Tension is the anticipation of something bad, stressed or uncomfortable coming. The characters dont want to let the tension show because this should be a happy night for everyone and they dont want to make a big scene or cause a fuss. For example, one point of tension before the Inspector arrives is when Birling is talking about the absence of Sir and Lady Croft. Im not sorry that were celebrating quietly like this- Mrs. B cuts in saying, Much nicer really. The subtext of what Mrs. B is saying is shut up. She wants her husband to stop talking before someone is embarrassed by what he says. This tells us she is protective of Gerald because she doesnt want him to become embarrassed. There seems to be a problem between Gerald and Sheila. Although they are getting engaged, there are moments of tension between them. For example, when they have just finished dinner, Gerald says, In fact, I insist upon being one of the family now. Ive been trying long enough, havent I (Sheila does not reply, with more insistence) Havent I? You know I have. At this point Mrs. B cuts in and says, smiling, Of course she does. Here, Mrs. B cuts in to prevent an argument from arising and hide the tension. She is hiding the tension for Geralds benefit. Mrs. B wants to protect him because she respects him and likes him. She tries to cut off the subject but fails. Sheila continues- half serious, half playful, Yes- except for all of last summer, when you never came near me, and I wondered what had happened to you. Gerald replies, And Ive told you- I was awfully busy at the works all that time. Sheila replies in the same tone as before Yes, thats what you say. This seems to be a topic that has been previously discussed between Gerald and Sheila. We know this because Gerald says, And Ive told you- meaning obviously they have discussed this at length before. She approaches this subject carefully because although she is serious, she cannot let her anger show because she does not want to make a big scene. She knows something was not right about the time and hints Geralds response is a lie when she says, Yes, thats what you say. When Gerald pauses-And Ive told you- I was awfully busy at the works all that time. At the pause, he is preparing what he will say as it is a lie that has previously been told. He doesnt want to change his story by accident. Their discussion continues with Mrs. B, Now, Sheila, dont tease him. When youre married youll realize that men with important work to do sometimes have to spend nearly all their time and energy on their business. Youll have to get used to that, just as I had. Sheila responds, I dont believe I will. Then to Gerald in the half serious half playful tone, So you be careful. Here, Mrs. B is saying that all men will have affairs and that the women will just have to get used to that. She knows Gerald was with another woman during the last summer but is protecting him from enduring more embarrassment. She thinks her daughter should accept the situation. When Sheila replies, she shows the change in attitude. She could easily be a feminist later on in her life. She believes more in equality than tradition. Out of all the characters, Sheila is the most sympathetic with Eva Smith. She represents change not only in sexism but also equality within classes. She is hope, optimism, and change because she is not selfish. She is not concerned about money at the end of the play. It is significant that Lord and Lady Croft are absent from the celebration. They appear to not be there because they are out of the country but that could easily just be made up to prevent embarrassment. They are not at dinner because they feel the Birlings are their social inferior. They do not approve of the engagement and choose not to be there from their own free will. When this subject comes up, tension arises. Birling says, Its a pity Sir George and er Lady Croft cant be with us, but theyre abroad so it cant be helped. As I told you, they sent me a very nice cable couldnt be nicer. Im not sorry that were celebrating quietly like this- Mrs. B then cuts in with Much nicer really. Gerald then finishes with, I agree. The pauses at the beginning of Birlings speech show tension. He does not seem to recall the maiden name of Geralds mother so he calls her Lady Croft to save embarrassment. This shows the Crofts are very aloof and do not speak to Birling often. Mrs. B cuts in to stop her husband rambling and Gerald ends the conversation with, I agree. Gerald is just saying he agrees to save embarrassment and to end the conversation. He may disagree strongly but doesnt feel comfortable enough to present that. Later though, when the men are on their own Birling shows he is aware that Geralds parents feel that Gerald could have done better socially. Birling says, I have an idea that your mother Lady Croft while she doesnt object to my girl- feels you might have done better for yourself socially- At this comment, Gerald feels rather embarrassed but Birling says that it is okay for his mother to feel like that and starts showing off that he may be on his chance to be knighted sometime soon. Eric behaves very strangely. He seems to not particularly know what is going on. After Gerald and Sheila have their moment of tension (Yes-except for all of last summer ) Eric suddenly guffaws out of nowhere. He seems to be as Sheila puts it, Squiffy. Eric is very familiar with the decanter and wants to continue getting drunk. He also starts saying strange things. When the women arent in the room the men start talking about women and how they are obsessed with clothes. Birling says, Yes, but youve got to remember, my boy, that clothes mean something quite different to a woman. Not just something to wear- and not only something to make em look prettier- but- well, a sort of sign or token of their self respect. Gerald then says, Thats true. Eric responds, eagerly, Yes, I remember but then he checks himself. Birling stops and says, Well what do you remember? Eric replies, confused, Nothing. Here Eric seems to be covering up for what he said earlier, perhaps he let it slip because he was drunk. At the end of the play we find out he is actually an alcoholic. We find he got Eva Smith pregnant in a drunken state that led her to Mrs. Birling. He knows this, while the audience doesnt. He probably is talking about Eva Smith and how she loved clothes. Priestly deliberately creates moments of dramatic tension for a number of reasons. He does this to show the relationship between the characters in the first place, before the inspector arrives. Another moment of tension occurs in Act 1. The following quote is taken after dinner, when everyone has left except for Gerald and Birling. Birling is showing off. He says, So as long as we behave ourselves, dont get into the police court or start a scandal eh? After this he starts laughing complacently. Gerald replies with a laugh, You seem to be a nice well-behaved family Birling cuts him off with, We think we are - This is hinting further on in the play, what Birling says will actually happen. The Inspector arrives at the Birling house only one page after this conversation. Dramatic irony occurs when Gerald says, You seem to be a nice well-behaved family. The key world is seem playing on the fact that they really arent. When Birling replies, it is again dramatic irony. He says think as if theres a possibility theyre not. They are foreshadowing the later events in the play, which is another reason there is dramatic tension. Also, Priestley is building up suspense and tension for the final chapter. These moments of dramatic tension foreshadow tension later in the play. The tension that was brought up between Gerald and Sheila foreshadow further problems with their relationship. Also when Birling and Gerald are saying they are a nice family, it foreshadows the tension that will appear when the inspector arrives. After the women have left the room, Birling gives advice to the two younger men in the room. He speaks of when he was Erics age. Yes, you dont know what some of these boys get up to nowadays. More money to spend and time to spare than I had when I was Erics age. They worked us hard in those days and kept us short of cash. Thought even then we broke out and had a bit of fun sometimes. He says of the fun he got up to when he was Erics age. He also justifies extra-marital sex, but not directly. He is passing on his sexism to the younger two men. When he speaks of the fun he got up to at Erics age, it foreshadows that Eric has been getting up to fun as well. The main three points of tension are; the tension between men and women, the tension between generations, and the tension between class and social status. This is all shown well before the inspector arrives. This is so we can see that these three points are important and that they would be there regardless of Eva Smiths death. The themes and issues brought up in this play were to help Britain and other countries become a more caring society. The themes and issues brought up were sexism, class and generation. In the book, women have a lower status than men- although Sheila represents change in this topic. Eva Smith represented all of these. She was female, poor and young. In class it shows everyone looks down on someone else. For example, the Crofts look down on the Birlings, who look down on Eva Smith. The Inspector came to their house to try and change it but only succeeded in changing Eric and Sheila. Through generation it shows the younger members of society are more easily influenced. At the time the book was written, society could be described as a triangle with the upper class as the top, with the least people, the middle class in the middle with more people and the working class in the bottom, which was the majority of people. During the war, it was mainly the working class who went and it was decided afterwards that they deserved free health and social welfare. After that Britain became a more caring and sensitive society. In a way, it was Britain giving something back to the working class for fighting for Britain.

The Middle Ages Essays - Legal History, Trial By Ordeal, Free Essays

The Middle Ages Essays - Legal History, Trial By Ordeal, Free Essays The Middle Ages During the English middle ages law often took on the form of an ordeal. An ordeal is a method of trial in which the accused was given a physical test that could only be met successfully if he or she was "innocent" in the eyes of God. I will discuss specifically three types of ordeals that were commonly used. I Ordeal of White Hot Iron This ordeal was used to test a person?s honesty. If a person was accused of lying to an official pertaining to a crime supposedly committed, then the individual would be given a choice. If the accused held the white hot iron and did not get burned by it then he was innocent. If the accused held the iron and was burned then he was considered to be guilty and then punished according to the law. The accused would also be held as guilty if he chose not to undertake the ordeal at all. II Ordeal of Fire This ordeal was the only ordeal administered to women accused of cheating on their husbands. The suspected woman, dressed in white cloth, was made to walk through fire. If the clothing singed or turned black, then she was guilty and faced punishment. III Trial by Combat Of all medieval ordeals, this one may be considered the most fatal. To settle a dispute in this manner the plaintiff and the defendant would agree to wage a combat with each other until the death. Armor, if allowed would be scanty and only a sword or dagger would be used. Often the event would be conducted in a public meeting place such as the town square. This led to the entertainment aspect of the ordeal. The townsfolk would often demand one arm tied behind the back or have weights tied around each leg to contribute to the fun of spectatorship. While these methods of trial may seem unjust or even cruel by today?s standard they were widely accepted by the people on the basis on religious beliefs that God would reign as the supreme judge over the matter. However, rarely did one ever walk away from ordeal by white hot iron with an unblemished hand. And very few times did the "David" slay the "Goliath" in trial by combat. Yet the townsfolk continued to support these events, even after the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 outlawed clerics to take part in the trials. The ordeals lasted unofficially until the early nineteenth century.

Being successful in college

The most difficult part of an academic career is not producing scholarship, not teaching courses as effectively as possible, and not the service required of all faculty members. The most difficult part of a career is balancing the three. The most difficult part of a career is, in my experience, time management. Essentially, these are the three categories of labor in all academic careers: teaching, research/scholarship, and service. How much a faculty member is expected to contribute in each category will vary dramatically from institution to institution. If you’re lucky, when you begin an academic appointment your expected contributions within each category will be clearly articulated in writing, possibly in your contract, in your department’s tenure requirements, or in college and university policies. But whether or not your own departments expectations for teaching, research, and service are explicitly articulated, each activity will require different commitments of time and energy at different times. All three activities will persistently compete with one another for your Read more: http://www. insidehighered. The most difficult part of an academic career is not producing scholarship, not teaching courses as effectively as possible, and not the service required of all faculty members. The most difficult part of a career is balancing the three. The most difficult part of a career is, in my experience, time management. Essentially, these are the three categories of labor in all academic careers: teaching, research/scholarship, and service. How much a faculty member is expected to contribute in each category will vary dramatically from institution to institution. If you’re lucky, when you begin an academic appointment your expected contributions within each category will be clearly articulated in writing, possibly in your contract, in your department’s tenure requirements, or in college and university policies. But whether or not your own departments expectations for teaching, research, and service are explicitly articulated, each activity will require different commitments of time and energy at different times. All three activities will persistently compete with one another for your Read more: http://www. insidehighered. The most difficult part of an academic career is not producing scholarship, not teaching courses as effectively as possible, and not the service required of all faculty members. The most difficult part of a career is balancing the three. The most difficult part of a career is, in my experience, time management. Essentially, these are the three categories of labor in all academic careers: teaching, research/scholarship, and service. How much a faculty member is expected to contribute in each category will vary dramatically from institution to institution. If you’re lucky, when you begin an academic appointment your expected contributions within each category will be clearly articulated in writing, possibly in your contract, in your department’s tenure requirements, or in college and university policies. But whether or not your own departments expectations for teaching, research, and service are explicitly articulated, each activity will require different commitments of time and energy at different times. All three activities will persistently compete with one another for your.

Stranger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stranger - Essay Example Also it is acknowledged that every city has a character of its own and to understand a city, we have to understand its character and the contributing factors for that particular character. This is mainly trying to understand the cities, its mobility, movement and settlement and the connected tensions. It is interesting to analyse what exactly is a city. It is a beehive of transactions, a centre of old and new buildings and heritages, leading to nostalgia and modernity, a mobile point in geography where everything seems to be moving, changing and altering at a highly intense pace and nothing static anywhere. If a city has to be watched, it should be done by stepping back, removing self from the humming mainstream and watch it like a hawk in the sky and then the right perspective of the city emerges. The picture presented is stunning in its originality and every piece of it is melting only to solidify itself into another shape, colour and form. Hence, the watcher finds pre-diluted forms, diluting material, half diluted forms, fully diluted shapeless mass, half-formed pictures and then, totally altered new forms. It is a thriving enormous pulsating mass of various puzzles that are always on the move, anxious to attain the next form. For a stranger, city presents this confusing and p uzzling picture. The seemingly unruly aggressiveness of the society and its presented disorder threatens him. Mostly it is an outside pose and need not be true. "Constructions of 'disorder' and 'order' are inextricably linked, and in any given urban context they frequently appear as 'idealized imageries'. However, it is only in the company of strangers in city spaces that they are symbiotically realized," (Pile et al, p.135). City cannot have one geography or one history because it is a synthesizer of multiple geographies and histories. It is a merger of various backgrounds and diverse activities. It is also a tantaliser with new possibilities and newer interactions. It is true that cities could be understood and characterised only through their historical, social and global context and not individually removed and isolated. City has to be filled with myriad flows and connections like people, ideas, cultures, rituals, principles, social priorities etc. and only then as a mixture of all these interconnections it could be analysed. Cities do not shake off their history easily. Even if they attain hitherto unrecognised proportions, its history can be recognised in every corner of the city. "There are strong echoes of the past which remain forceful in representations of urban disorder which are dominant today through, for example, notions of 'dangerous classes' such as 'out of place'" (Pile et al, 1999, p.88). A stranger coming into a certain city could be a city dweller, belonging to another city, or an individual based in a rural community and hence, his reactions would be different to the city life depending on his own background. He could either be comparing it with his earlier city favourably or negatively and this would prejudice his outlook and adjusting capabilities. If he is from a rural region, his reactions would be of wonder, loathing, contempt, surprise and amazement. He might even feel threatened by the all-consuming power of the city, because cities have their own

Business Decision Making Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Decision Making Discussion - Essay Example 7) Should be able to multi-task occasionally. 8) Should be able to start work immediately. Generating alternatives: On the basis of evaluation of applications received, following alternatives were worked out: 1) Consider hiring a fresher as a part time contractual person with a training period during which he will be given a stipend and to award a salary and benefits when s/he is adequately groomed. 2) Hire an experienced part time contractual person. 3) Hire a freelance copywriter and ask him to do a few evaluatory pieces of copywriting on given subjects before finalizing her/his appointment and monetary deal. Rate each alternative on each criterion: 1) The first alternative did not match any of the criteria, because the company had neither the time nor the resources to groom a prospect. Besides, the trial-and-error methodology did not match with the company's immediate result-oriented need. 2). An experienced part time contractual person, although being compatible with all the criteria, was proving to be a costlier alternative than the freelancer.

Computer network Essay Example for Free

Computer network Essay The Internet is network of networks, linking computers to computers sharing the TCP/IP protocols. Each runs software to provide or â€Å"serve† information and access and view information. The internet is the transport vehicle for the information stored in files or documents on other computers. It is sometimes compared to a giant international plumbing system. The internet itself does not contain information. What it was found in is one of the computers linked to the internet. The Internet, A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of academic, government, private, business, public networks and, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The internet can have many services, like Electronic mail(e-mail) that permits you to send and receive mail, Telnet(remote login) that permits your computer to onto another computer and use it as if you were there, FTP(File Transfer Protocol) allows your computer to rapidly retrieve complex files intact from a remote computer and view or save them on your computer, etc. To access the internet by computer, you need a computer, a modem or other telecommunications link, and software to connect to an Internet Service Provider. The internet is indeed a wonderful, amazing and brilliant gift that has been given by science to humans. Presently in this modern era, the Internet plays a significant role in our daily human life. Whereas, we are seriously addicted to using the Internet in this century. Moreover, people like to spend plenty of our human lives. Ten years ago, the Internet was practically unheard of by most people. Today, the Internet is one of the most powerful tools throughout the world. The Internet is a collection of various services and resources. According to Russ Brock, a director and consultant at the Center for Innovation and Inquiry, the Internet is main components are E-mail and the World Wide Web. There’s a lot more to the Internet than E-mail, search engines, celerity web sites, up-to-the-second sports scores, and chat rooms full of risk discussions. The Net also ranks as one of today’s best business tools if it’s used adroitly. Almost all households contain the Internet; however, before people connect to the Internet, they need to be aware of its disadvantages and advantages. Many fear the Internet because of its disadvantages. They claim to not use the Internet because they are afraid of the possible consequences or are simply not interested. People who have yet connected to the Internet claim they are not missing anything. Today s technological society must realize, it is up to them to protect themselves on the Internet. Half of U. S. adults, or 94 million Americans, aren’t online. Children using the Internet have become a big concern. Most parents do not realize the dangers involved when their children log onto the Internet (Children and the Internet). When children are online, they can easily be lured into something dangerous. When children talk to others online, they do not realize they could actually be talking to a harmful person. As a result, there have been many cases where children have been convinced to meet people they have talked with online. In fact, stories seem to come out every week: a child or teenager lured into something foolish, dangerous, or even deadly on line. Cathy Cleaver of the Family Research Council claims that it is against the law for a molester to even attempt to find children online In addition, children may also receive pornography online by mistake; therefore, causing concern among parents everywhere. Whether surfing the Web, reading newsgroups, or using email, children can be exposed to extremely inappropriate material. Pornographic sites tend to make sure they are the first sites to be listed in any search area; thus, children come across such sites easily. A man from Pearl, Mississippi was arrested in 1996 for downloading pornographic images of children from the Internet. He was charged with 290 counts of child pornography). Some critics say that parents are responsible for their own children on the Internet because there are available services to protect children. To keep children safe, parents and teachers must be aware of the dangers.

Too Many People :: Populating Environment Papers

Too Many People Introduction Do people realize that there is a population problem? Can our earth support and sustain the incredible number of 5.6 billion people, constantly increasing at the rate of 1.7 percent each year (conservation 67). At this rate 95 million people are added to our world every year. To bring this into perspective, every month 11,000 new babies are born, every second, three new people are added to the already over populated planet (Ehrlich 14). Every person added to the world has a claim to the earth's food, energy and other resources. We must also realize that there is not a single factor that limits how many people the earth can support. The rising population will only aggravate the problems staring us in the face right now, such as food shortages, and damage to the environment. The Club of Earth, whose members belong to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, released this statement in 1988. Arresting global population growth should be second in importance only to avoiding the nuclear war on humanity's agenda. Over population and rapid population growth are intimately connected with most aspects of the current human predicament, including rapid depletion of nonrenewable resources, deterioration of the environment and increasing international tensions. (Ehrlich 18). The human population has drastically increased in the last couple of centuries. The earth will not be able to sustain the growing population due to increasing environmental and economic stresses. We must confront the issue and come up with workable solutions. Why Are People Not Scared. In order to come up with solutions, one must first realize the problem. Why are people not aware of the population crisis? Up until just recently, in Cairo, Egypt where a dialog and a Programme of Action was established to confront overpopulation by the United Nation International Conference, there has not been much talk on this issue. One of the main reasons people do not recognize overpopulation to be a problem is it's slow developing nature. Over two thousand years ago there was an estimated 250 million people. It took 1650 years before the population first doubled. Since then the doubling time of the population would shrink to 200 years, and continued to shrink to a time span of just 35 years. But even with these incredible increasing growth rates, it is impossible to notice these "slow motion changes" as compared to an every day event (Ehrilich 15).

Outline and Evaluate research into the effects of deprivation Essay

Deprivation refers the disruption of attachment that has already been made. Bowlby has conducted a case study of little John whose mother was admitted to the hospital and he showed effect of short term deprivation. He found that he had gone through 3 stages which he called the PDD sequence (Protest, Despair and Detachment). At first when he was separated from his mother, he showed signs of protest and he was crying, shouting and shows signs of desperate attempts to get his mother to return. But after a period of time, he appeared to be calmer but showed signs of depression, these include refusing to eat and play. At last, he rejected his mother at reunion although he looked okay on the surface. Criticism for the study is that it is a case study of an individual, so it cannot be generalized to the public. Bowlbly has also conducted a study on 44 juvenile thieves. He interviewed 44 male teenage criminal who displayed affectionless psychopathy to check if they have experienced early separation in the first 2 years of age. He has found that 12 out of 14 affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged separation from mothers in the first 2 years. And 5 out of 30 who were not affectionless psychopaths had experienced deprivation. So he had jumped to the conclusion that deprivation before the age of two will lead to affection psycopathy and this supports his idea of critical period. However, his assumption is too big as he was trying to draw a cause and effect. He had not manipulated the variables and this is only a correlation study. Also, he has not taken into the account of what had happened during the period between 2 years old and teenage years. The boys may have other experiences e.g. joined a gang and that had lead them into being affectionless psychopaths. Also, the sample size is small and he has only used male participants in his study, so the sample is not representative and this study cannot be generalized. Bowlby wanted to use this study to proof his theory and he used an interview approach in this study. He might have asked leading question and lead the participants into answering the answers that he wanted. So this study may not be truthful. And this research is retrospective, which he had the participants to talk about their past, and memory could be distorted and may not give accurate answer. Moreover, there may be potential self-serving bias in the teenage boys as they may want to make excuses for their behaviour, so they may blame the situation and make themselves to appear in good light. Furthermore, Bowlby has suggested a maternal deprivation hypothesis. He proposed that a child needs continuous presence of a primary care giver in the first 1.5 to 2 years of age. Or else they will suffer from long term effects of deprivation, these include mental retardation, depression, affectionless psychopathy, etc. However, Rutters study on privated Romanian orphans has suggested effects of privation can be overcome as it was shown that there wasn’t long term damaging effects in the orphans after they have been adopted to a loving home.

Discuss Changing Family Structures in the Uk and Give Examples of Sociological Theories That Provide Explanations as to Why and How Families Have Changed.

Discuss changing family structures in the UK and give examples of sociological theories that provide explanations as to why and how families have changed. This essay will discuss the various family structures in society. It will give theoretical explanation as to why and how families have changed. The essay will also bring statistical, historical and political evidence to back up the reason for these changes. During the pre-industrial society the ‘extended family’ was the most common family structure.This family structure involves three generations including the parents, children and either the grandparents (vertical-extended) or uncles and aunts (horizontally-extended). The extended family structure was essential for this society as families were a ‘unit of production’ so they needed as many workers as they could get. Michael Anderson (1971) argued that in ‘critical life situations’ there was a dependence on the extended family for help and sup port. Then Parsons (1949) said large families were economically beneficial, so the extended family was the most suited structure.However, during in the industrial revolution family life changed. It was no longer seen as a ‘unit of production’ but now a ‘unit of consumption’. The ‘nuclear family’ emerged and became the main family structure. However, the extended family may become popular again as in our current society people are living longer and state funding on residential care has decreased so this has shifted the care and responsibility onto the family. Also, there has been an increase in Multi-generational families. ‘The earlier age of child-bearing reducing the age gap between generations’ (Fulcher and Scott, 2011: 446)The ‘nuclear family’ consisted of two generations, the mother, father and their children. Parsons (1949) argued that industrialisation resulted in a shift from the extended family to the nuclear f amily, as its characteristics are more typical for a capitalist society. Parsons (1956) believed that you must move where there is work and that you should only take your immediate family with you not everyone. This is why nuclear families were more beneficial as it was easier to move for work with just your immediate amily. With the industrial revolution and the growth of capitalism, production was no longer carried out by family members, but by workers. Public policies were put in place during 1940-1970 such as the welfare state, which was designed to support family roles (breadwinner and caring mother). Since then there has been significant changes in public policies such as the divorce reform act (1967), the abortion act (1967), the equal pay act (1970), the sex discrimination act (1975) and maternity leave was introduced.This gave women more freedom and more opportunities especially within employment and lifestyle choices. This lead to social change; postponement of marriage an d childbearing, the number of divorces in England and Wales increased from 6,000 in 1938 to more than 48,000 in 1968, and in 1960 the fertility rate was 2. 72%, dropping to 1. 93% in 1998. Due to these rapid increases in divorce cohabitation has become more preferable for couples as there are no legal ties, the couple can see how it goes before making any major decisions such as marriage.Also couples may marry later as weddings are expensive and they don’t have the money to afford one due to the recession, however living with each other saves money. This was the democratic and educational revolution and the era of the nuclear family. However, with new policies in place and such major social change, from the 1970s onwards it became the ‘post-industrial society’ and the rise of post-modernism. This society brought new family structures, and units that were previously perceived as unacceptable became acceptable.Since the divorce reform act (1967) divorces have rapid ly increased resulting in many re-marriages, introducing the reconstituted family unit. This family includes children that live with one biological parent and a step-parent. These families may also include step/half brothers and sisters. Divorce has also meant there are many more single-parent families. This is a family structure where only one parent takes care of the children. This can be due to birth outside of marriage, divorce and death or imprisonment of a partner.Murray (1990) would argue that the rise in single parent families is due to the underclass and fatherless families. Boys without fathers are inadequately socialised and don’t have a male role model. When they have their own children they wont have an understanding of a ‘dad’ role, so this may result in them being absent in the child’s life and separation from the wife/partner. Marx (1848) would argue that the breakdown of marriage is due to the conflict that the capitalist society is creati ng and this is affecting relationships.Feminist, Delphy (1977) argues that the exploitation of women’s labour is rooted in ‘the domestic mode of production’ within the household, not in the capitalist mode of production. ‘Men hold a superior position within the domestic mode of production and exploit women through marriage’ (Fulcher and Scott, 2011: 435). This exploitation could create conflict and domestic violence may occur resulting in separation/divorce. Lastly, some individuals blame single-parent families on the permissiveness of the sexual revolution.Jeffrey Weeks (1989) believes that post-war changes in capitalism has led to a new pleasure-seeking attitude in females, which resulted in sexual behaviour as a source of pleasure rather a means of producing children. This can relate to why there are so many single-parent families headed by women from births outside marriage. Finally the most recent type of family structure is ‘same sex fami lies’. This involves a homosexual couple (gay or lesbian) that take care of children. This is the newest family unit as the civil partnership law was only passed in 2004.Since then 45,000 have been formed up until 2010. Homosexual couples have been apparent for a long time however only recently have the attitudes towards them become more acceptable resulting in the civil partnership law. Beck (1992) says this is because of individualisation; people are designing their lives based on their own choice not expectations. Also, people have very different attitudes now to previously in history, so homosexuality is more widely accepted. In conclusion, family structures are constantly changing and there is never only one type.Family structures tend to base around suiting the type of society there in. Policies can increase or decrease certain family structures. For example the divorce reform act (1967) increased single parent and reconstituted families and decreased the nuclear family . Also new family structures, same sex families have been introduced because of policies and change in attitudes. There may be new family structures in the future as society progresses. References- Fulcher, J. and Scott, J. (2011) Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

All I Need To Know I Learned In Kindergarden Essays - Kindergarden

All I Need To Know I Learned In Kindergarden Essays - Kindergarden All I Need To Know I Learned In Kindergarden all i need to know i learned in kindergarden most of what i really need t oknow about how to llive and what to do and how to be, i learned in kindregarden. wizdom was not at the top the graduate-school mountians, but thre in the sand pile at sunday schooll thiese are the things i learned.. share everything. play fair. Dont hit people. Put things back where you found them. clean up your own mess. Dont take things that arent yours. say your sorry when you hurt somebody. Wash your hands before you eat. Flush. Warm cookies and cold milk are good for you. Live a balanced life-learn some and think some and draw and paint and sing and dance and play and work everyday some. Take a nap every after noon. when you go out in the world, watch out for traffic, hold hands, and stick together. be aware of wonder. Bibliography all i need to know i learned in kindergarden most of what i really need t oknow about how to llive and what to do and how to be, i learned in kindregarden. wizdom was not at the top the graduate-school mountians, but thre in the sand pile at sunday schooll thiese are the things i learned.. share everything. play fair. Dont hit people. Put things back where you found them. clean up your own mess. Dont take things that arent yours. say your sorry when you hurt somebody. Wash your hands before you eat. Flush. Warm cookies and cold milk are good for you. Live a balanced life-learn some and think some and draw and paint and sing and dance and play and work everyday some. Take a nap every after noon. when you go out in the world, watch out for traffic, hold hands, and stick together. be aware of wonder.

Public International law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public International law - Assignment Example Thus, it becomes cheap to import from other nations via international trade. Additionally, international trade facilitates maximum utilization of resources and proper disposal of surplus produce. Countries are pressured to fully exploit their resource for maximum economic benefit since the market is available. In addition, market for surplus produce is available to other countries. This reduces wastage and under utilization of resources. International trade also fosters peace and unity among nations. The economic interdependency among the trading nations creates friendship thus reducing international skirmishes. Free trade encourages innovation and competition ( DeCarlo 23). This is because free trade avails a variety of goods and services to the customers. This spurs competition between companies and various producers enhancing innovation among the producers and companies in their effort to develop better products for the competitive market. Free trade discourages growth of infant industries. To be precise, newly initiated companies find it difficult to survive in the international competition created by free trade. In fact, free trade eliminates the chances of protecting developing industries in a competitive market structure. Additionally, free trade reduces government earnings in that export duty is not levied. Consequently, free trade may result to dumping thereby reducing profits. Free trade is a set up than eliminates most tariff barriers and tax on the movement of goods and services between members while Custom union is an agreement among a group of countries to charge a common set of tariffs to the outer world and grant free trade among the members of the union. Most Favored Nation Principle is a status given by one nation to another to offer the most favorable terms and regulatory treatment to the goods or services during import or exports of similar products to all other nations. There can

Qualitative Research Report Summary & Critical Appraisal Essay

Qualitative Research Report Summary & Critical Appraisal - Essay Example The research article highlights that horizontal violence is practical within nursing placement exercises. According to Bowen, Curtis and Reid (2007), analysis of qualitative data indicates that more that 50% of the respondents have experienced, or at least witnessed this kind of violence in their practices. As a result, the article simulates appropriate and informed recommendation strategies meant to minimize the effect of horizontal violence on students undertaking bachelor of nursing degree course. Background The article states that in the context of nursing, horizontal violence refers to situations characterized by aggression or bullying within professional settings. Bowen et al., (2007) states that horizontal violence occurs between distinct groups whereby members from one superior group molest those students within work-based learning practices. Within the nursing practice, horizontal violence takes forms like intimidations, inequitable practices, and harassment among other acts of violence. Despite the shallowness of past research studies, this information indicate that nurses are in constant direct or indirect assault from professional workers, patients or even relatives of patients within a healthcare facility. In this context, the research question seeks to analyze the nature and influence of horizontal violence of career choices of nursing students after graduation. Significance of the Study One significance of the study focuses on student attrition. In career development, experience during work-based placements influence a student’s choice of employment after their graduation from universities. Bowen et al., (2007) says that in the recent past, cases of horizontal violence seems to increase job dissatisfaction; hence affecting performance within the nursing practice. In Australia, horizontal violence features as the main reason for increasing employee turnover in most nursing facilities. In the long run, increased turnover causes a severe shor tage of nurses; hence inviting a crisis within the healthcare industry. In addition, turnover presents an economic effect to education funding agencies like governments. In New Zealand, the government commits approximately $48,000 in educating one nurse through a university system. Bowen et al., (2007) agrees that from an economic perspective, it would be suitable to ensure the health care industry retains trained nurses after their integration into professional fields. In this regard, the research article in subject seeks to appraise the nature of the problem, and supplement suitable recommendations meant to address horizontal violence in nursing. Research Methodology The research article adopted a qualitative research methodology in the collection of data from actual students within the nursing career development. In this case, one characteristic feature of qualitative research method involves the use of focus groups in acquiring data. Researchers focused specifically on 2nd and 3 rd year nursing students during questionnaire sessions. Burns and Grove (2011) states that with respect to design, the article adopted a qualitative survey research through administration of questionnaires to participants. Data collected included written descriptions from the students providing their perspectives on some specified questions contained in the survey papers.